TIPS

10 Steps to Efficient Computing 1. Cold re-boot (One of the Greatest tech tips of all time) This is one of the most effective tips we know of and it remedies many PC related problems. There have been too many occasions over the years when we would get a phone call for service and tell the (potential) client to re-boot their computer. We would tell them to call back if that didn’t fix their problem. More times than not, we wouldn’t hear back from them. Talk about mixed emotions….. When your PC seems to be lagging and every action takes 10s of seconds to complete, it may be time for a re-boot. We prefer to “Shut down” (which involves shutting down the PC completely) as opposed to “Re-start” (which simply cycles the operating system through boot-up without removing power). This is also true of all other peripherals (printers, modems, etc.) This is a throw-back to the old days when a cold re-boot was required to clear memory. While the latest advents in software may have resolved this need to remove power completely, we still prefer to shut ‘er all the way down. 2. Microsoft Security Essentials There are many anti-virus programs out there that, for the most part, do a good job of protecting your system from virus attacks. In most cases, however, there is a trade-off. For this protection you will probably pay a price in either memory or CPU usage. While you do not want too many programs running at the same time, we do recommend what we call a 'multi-pronged approach'. What we mean is that it is better to use several different methods to ensure that your PC is virus and mal-ware free. We like Microsoft's offering. We also like to visit WWW.TrendMicro.com for a free online scan. These, in conjunction with Windows Defender have a much better chance of catching any bug that may be in your sytem. 3. Disk Clean-up. Right-click on your "C" drive to get the dialogue shown below. Click on "Properties". (Click for larger view) Click the"Disk Cleanup" button shown below on the resulting dialogue. We do not recommend compressing the hard drive as it will slow the computer. (Click for larger view) It may take a little while for the computer to calculate the disk space you will be able to free, and an indicator will appear as below. (Click for larger view) In the next dialogue, you'll need to select the files to be "cleaned" (removed/erased). (Click for larger view) The only files you may want to save are the MS Office installation files. Leaving them will save you time if you need to add more features to Office and don't want to have to go find the installation CD. 4. Don't fill up your hard drive! IDE hard drives will start to 'bog down' if they are over 90% full. Take your total hard drive size and multiply it by .9 (Period excluded for readability.) If your hard drive is 120 Gbytes (Gigs) and it has 13 Gigs free, then your free space would be 10.8% (13 divided by 120). You are very close to having serious performance issues. IDE hard drives move data around all of the time ("housekeeping"). They use extra space provided by the manufacturers as a sort of 'scratch pad' (swap file). They need to have some room to work, so filling them up over 90% really annoys them and they become obstinate. This can result in 50% to 80% loss in performance. 5. Remove unused/unnecessary web browser toolbars. One of the main reasons web browsers slow down is because they are loading too many toolbars. Each toolbar you have installed acts much like its own web-page. So, if you are running 3 (for example) toolbars in your web browser, you may expect the browser to take as long to open as 3 consecutive web-pages. (Click for larger view) Right-click where indicated in the image above to acquire the dialogue below. (Click for larger view) You will notice the check marks indicating active toolbars, and the lack thereof indicating disabled toolbars. Some toolbars tend to install as a "side offer" that comes along with other software (typically free software). Before long, you can find yourself with 5 or even more toolbars that reduce browser performance and also take up valuable viewing real estate (every active toolbar takes up space that could otherwise be used to view web pages). We recommend disabling all toolbars, then going back in and enabling only the ones you need. 6. Remove unused/unnecessary Windows programs. The most basic Windows installation includes several applications that the general PC user probably has no use for. 7. Avoid (at all cost) the temptation to install "Freeware". You've probably heard the old expression "Nothing's free." It is true in this field too. More times than not, the freeware you install will bring along some 'baggage'. Some of this baggage will be merely annoying while some of it is downright nefarious (think viruses (virii?), trojans, and other malware). There are (few) exceptions to this 'rule' (Yahoo! toolbar, for example has a few useful features as do MS and Google's toolbars). 8. Windows update in automatic mode. Microsoft puts out updates to most all of its software periodically. These updates are generated by MS engineers based on internal studies of each piece of software designed to improve its performance and functionality, as well as user feedback. With updates in automatic mode, you are assured to have the latest fixes for any software issues that may arise. 9. KeepIt.com (online automatic back-up) We like these folks because their coverage is continuous and instant. If you change a file in a directory you have them ‘watching’, it will be updated on their online server. You have to do nothing whatsoever. This is the most efficient way we know of to meet the needs of ‘off-site storage’ requirements. You might be wondering why you need ‘off-site storage’. We can think of two relevant reasons. One, if your PC burns up in a fire, your data (and any back-up media directly connected to it) will be destroyed. With KeepIt.com, it is stored safely at a remote location. Two, if your PC is stolen, they just might take your (connected) back-up device as well. This is not an issue with KeepIt.com. At the time of this writing, KeepIt.com is charging $5/Month for unlimited storage. You can back up your entire PC if you wish and reload it whenever an event might warrant it. The idea behind KeepIt.com is to protect the most important things that you use everyday. Photos and songs can be backed up to other media. On the other hand, at 5 bucks for unlimited storage, back up what you want and don't worry about it. (They do also have a plan for $3.95/month plus $.50/Gbyte for those with multiple PCs). Visit KeepIt.com for more information. 10. Don't run as an administrator unless necessary. Running as an administrator leaves your PC vulnerable to many different types of attack. (More steps to come as they become available.)

HAI GUYS.

Operating System Functions What is an Operating System The operating system is the core software component of your computer. It performs many functions and is, in very basic terms, an interface between your computer and the outside world. In the section about hardware, a computer is described as consisting of several component parts including your monitor, keyboard, mouse, and other parts. The operating system provides an interface to these parts using what is referred to as "drivers". This is why sometimes when you install a new printer or other piece of hardware, your system will ask you to install more software called a driver. What does a driver do? A driver is a specially written program which understands the operation of the device it interfaces to, such as a printer, video card, sound card or CD ROM drive. It translates commands from the operating system or user into commands understood by the the component computer part it interfaces with. It also translates responses from the component computer part back to responses that can be understood by the operating system, application program, or user. The below diagram gives a graphical depiction of the interfaces between the operating system and the computer component.

Other Operating System Functions

The operating system provides for several other functions including:

• System tools (programs) used to monitor computer performance, debug problems, or maintain parts of the system.
• A set of libraries or functions which programs may use to perform specific tasks especially relating to interfacing with computer system components.

The operating system makes these interfacing functions along with its other functions operate smoothly and these functions are mostly transparent to the user.

Operating System Concerns

As mentioned previously, an operating system is a computer program. Operating systems are written by human programmers who make mistakes. Therefore there can be errors in the code even though there may be some testing before the product is released. Some companies have better software quality control and testing than others so you may notice varying levels of quality from operating system to operating system. Errors in operating systems cause three main types of problems:

• System crashes and instabilities - These can happen due to a software bug typically in the operating system, although computer programs being run on the operating system can make the system more unstable or may even crash the system by themselves. This varies depending on the type of operating system. A system crash is the act of a system freezing and becoming unresponsive which would cause the user to need to reboot.
• Security flaws - Some software errors leave a door open for the system to be broken into by unauthorized intruders. As these flaws are discovered, unauthorized intruders may try to use these to gain illegal access to your system. Patching these flaws often will help keep your computer system secure. How this is done will be explained later.
• Sometimes errors in the operating system will cause the computer not to work correctly with some peripheral devices such as printers.

Operating System Types

There are many types of operating systems. The most common is the Microsoft suite of operating systems. They include from most recent to the oldest:

• Windows XP Professional Edition - A version used by many businesses on workstations. It has the ability to become a member of a corporate domain.
• Windows XP Home Edition - A lower cost version of Windows XP which is for home use only and should not be used at a business.
• Windows 2000 - A better version of the Windows NT operating system which works well both at home and as a workstation at a business. It includes technologies which allow hardware to be automatically detected and other enhancements over Windows NT.
• Windows ME - A upgraded version from windows 98 but it has been historically plagued with programming errors which may be frustrating for home users.
• Windows 98 - This was produced in two main versions. The first Windows 98 version was plagued with programming errors but the Windows 98 Second Edition which came out later was much better with many errors resolved.
• Windows NT - A version of Windows made specifically for businesses offering better control over workstation capabilities to help network administrators.
• Windows 95 - The first version of Windows after the older Windows 3.x versions offering a better interface and better library functions for programs.

There are other worthwhile types of operating systems not made by Microsoft. The greatest problem with these operating systems lies in the fact that not as many application programs are written for them. However if you can get the type of application programs you are looking for, one of the systems listed below may be a good choice.

• Unix - A system that has been around for many years and it is very stable. It is primary used to be a server rather than a workstation and should not be used by anyone who does not understand the system. It can be difficult to learn. Unix must normally run an a computer made by the same company that produces the software.
• Linux - Linux is similar to Unix in operation but it is free. It also should not be used by anyone who does not understand the system and can be difficult to learn.
• Apple MacIntosh - Most recent versions are based on Unix but it has a good graphical interface so it is both stable (does not crash often or have as many software problems as other systems may have) and easy to learn. One drawback to this system is that it can only be run on Apple produced hardware.

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